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Mass, Length, and Topology 19th May 2019
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"There are at present fundamental problems in theoretical physics awaiting solution, e.g., the relativistic formulation of quantum mechanics and the nature of atomic nuclei (to be followed by more difficult ones such as the problem of life), the solution of which problems will presumably require a more drastic revision of our fundamental concepts than any that have gone before." - P.A.M. Dirac; Proc. Roy. Soc. A 133, 60 1931. " In any case, models must, of course, be constructed in accordance with acceptable physical theory since the values which distinguish the cosmological speculations of the scientist from those of the crank arise from the attempt of the former to make his work logical and coherent with the rest of physics." - Richard Chance Tolman; Relativity, Thermodynamics, and Cosmology. "Neither space nor time has any existence outside the system of evolving relationships that comprises the universe. Physicists refer to this feature of general relativity as background independence." - Lee Smolin; Three Roads to Quantum Gravity. |
Previously we introduced a constant jML with dimensions of Mass-Length, for the topology in the discrete measurement space, defined as:
where mo is the rest mass for elementary particles, the value of jML should come out to be the same for every elementary particle. The following table shows the calculated value of jML for some of the elementary particles1:
No surprises here, as λCompton's are calculated values to begin with. It is just a sanity check confirming that in the relativistic region, which represents the underlying topological structure for a discrete measurement space, the value of the time-independent constant jML, does not change. We will like to point out that, it is a standard practice in relativistic physics to assume h = 1 and c = 1. However in a discrete measurement space we place the ratio h/c equal to one, instead of h = 1 and c = 1 individually 2. (h÷c = 1 leads to Mass × Length = 1 or M = Length-1, the length in this case would represent λCompton.) Now the fun part! Let us consider next a relativistic structure observed at the cosmic scale, a black hole. The Schwarszchild metric in General Theory of Relativity, is given as:
We move into the topological space by making the metric gSch time independent, i.e. we equate the coefficient of dt2 to zero3. This gives us, Schwarszchild radius as, RSch is the radius defining the event-horizon of a black hole, and MBH is the mass of the black hole. We can define the corresponding wavelength as,
Subsequently using the criterion that the constant jML, representing the inherent topology of a given measurement space, does not change for all the structures in j-space, we can write, Substituting for λSch in above expression, we obtain the expression for Planck mass, . The estimated mass of a black-hole is of the order of solar mass, approximately 2 × 1030 kg. In topological space, this mass is equivalent to Planck mass, 2.18 × 10-8 kg. The difference is truly extraordinary. So what does the mass really represent? Is the value of the measured mass an intrinsic property or is it observer dependent?*
Let us first review the information on hand. 1. Planck mass corresponding to RSch is measured for the least energy surface surrounding the topological structure. The actual black hole mass in units of solar mass is measured in the metric space or the reference frame of a macroscopic observer ObsM, where the least energy surface acts as the definition of the origin. The actual information content of both measurements remains the same, yet mass measured, differ by many orders of magnitude. 2. Aku and his Bubble represent the macroscopic observer ObsM, who measures MBH in units of solar mass. Let us represent RSch in Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates as shown below. In this representation, we do not have to worry about the geometrical singularity at the origin 3. The Aku's measurements estimating MBH are in the exterior region-I. The Planck mass MP lies in the interior region-II. So how do we reconcile two very different values for the measurements of mass of same topological object?
If we recall, RSch represents the value for black hole dimensions, below which the inner mechanism of the black hole become important. This is also the region where Euclidean geometry used to describe the region-I, is no longer applicable. Aku or ObsM has fairly limited capability (v << c). Assuming that Aku proceeds into the black hole to make required measurements, and if his progress is monitored by another observer in the region-I, per this observer it will take Aku forever to enter the black hole. Thus it is impossible for an observer in the region-I who is characterizing the black hole in terms of physical quantities such as temperature, mass, angular momentum, and lifetime etc., to precisely measure the insides of the black hole. The entropy of black hole measurement is very high, due to limitations of the electron-photon interaction (q = 3 space) based measurement apparatus available to Aku. Even if Aku was inside RSch, the amount of information which needs to be measured is enormous and consequently in all likelihood Aku will continue to move towards the black hole without successfully completing the required measurements. Let us review the relationship between G and MBH, corresponding to the topology of the interior region-II, . In order to move to the topology in the exterior region-I, we can replace MBH with the Zero-Entropy mass mZE , measured by the maximum efficiency observer Obsc. Recall that the zero-entropy observer means the condition ds2 = 0j, where ds is the space-time interval given as ds2 = gμν dsμdsν, and therefore mass mZE corresponds to the condition for the space-time interval equal to zero (0j). The relationship becomes,
We note that on the right hand side we have universal constants h and c, along with zero-entropy mass mZE . Since the mass mZE is measured by Obsc, it will also act as an universal constant for Aku's (equivalently ObsM's) measurements in exterior region-I. Therefore in exterior region-I, G is expressed in terms constants h, c, and mZE , each of which is a universal constant for the exterior region-I, and hence G itself is a universal constant for the exterior region-I (only), denoted by GI. Note that GI is not GNewton, the known universal constant of gravitation. (Note: Knot-Theory describes exterior region-1.)
Similarly to derive the relationship for G in the region-II, we replace mZE with mp , and use the relationship GII = hc÷(2πmp2), where mp is Planck mass. At this point we can not be sure that mZE and mp are equal, unless they can be precisely measured. (More importantly the value of G in the region-IV GIV , can not assumed to be equal to GII .)
What if there was another observer, Obsi from higher information space4, whose measurement Hamiltonian is much more advanced? Obsi is able to measure all the information inside the black hole in one measurement, i.e. Obsi is able to perform a zero-entropy measurement same as Obsc, plus Obsi has higher capabilities. Then we can ask, what would be the nature of the black hole for Obsi, a shallow-well (just another inconvenient pot-hole) or more formidable infinite-potential well (actual black hole)?
___________________ 1. Based on the values for Compton wavelengths from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The units are in MKS.
We will also like to point out that by making metric gSch time independent, the coefficient of the dr2 term, (~|c2/0j|), becomes extremely large. This term in not measurable. Subsequently the effect of variation in a time independent metric corresponding to the topological space δi, will show up as variations in dθ2 and dφ2, i.e. rotational components only, with a massive singularity accompanying dr2 term in Aku's measurement space. No surprises here as we already know that internal symmetries do show up as various angular momenta in measurements.
* Zero-Entropy mass: Observer Obsi - Topological Space, Shallow well, unknot. Inertial mass: Observer(s) ObsM(s) - Manifold(s), Box, knot(s) (Trefoil for most efficient Observer in j-space ≡ Obsc). And then there is mass corresponding to measurements made for a δ-function deep in the region-IV of Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates. What should we call it? ***
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Previous Blogs: Chiral Symmetry
Sigma-z and I Spin Matrices Rationale behind Irrational Numbers The Ubiquitous z-Axis Majorana ZFC Axioms Set Theory Nutshell-2014 Knots in j-Space Supercolliders Force Riemann Hypothesis Andromeda Nebula Infinite Fulcrum Cauchy and Gaussian Distributions Discrete Space, b-Field & Lower Mass Bound Incompleteness II The Supersymmetry The Cat in Box The Initial State and Symmetries Incompleteness I Discrete Measurement Space The Frog in Well Visual Complex Analysis The Einstein Theory of Relativity *** |
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