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An
Ecosystem of δ-Potentials - I An ethereal energy source in Blip 19th July 2020
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"Why, for example, do we still not have an international center for climate predictions, which by current estimates would cost “only” $1 billion spread over 10 years? That’s peanuts compared to what particle physics sucks up, yet vastly more important. Or why, you may have wondered recently, do we not have a center for epidemic modeling? It’s because too much science funding is handed out on the basis of inertia. In the past century, particle physics has grown into a large, very influential and well-connected community. They will keep on building bigger particle colliders as long as they can, simply because that’s what particle physicists do, whether that makes sense or not. It’s about time society takes a more enlightened approach to funding large science projects than continuing to give money to those they have previously given money to. We have bigger problems than measuring the next digit on the mass of the Higgs boson." - Sabine Hossenfelder in The World Doesn’t Need a New Gigantic Particle Collider, Scientific American, June 19, 2020. ***
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So
far we have developed the idea of a
discrete measurement space or
j-space, which is solely based on the
physical measurements of an infinite source.
Since physical measurements do not
allow the precise determination of
origin, j-space has to have lower
bounds for the measurements of
various physical quantities.
Similarly upper bounds must also
exist.
In j-space the resource management is very important and different observers have different resources and thus different capacities to perform precise measurements. The observer Obsc, with measurement capacity (v/c ~1), determines the lower and the upper bounds, based on which the guidelines for the measurements in Aku's universe Blip, are established. The fabric of j-space consists of j-pixels, which we have discussed earlier. In next few blogs we will be discussing, how to introduce physical structures, cosmic and elementary both, in j-space fabric. We will be using basic quantum mechanics concepts, such as Levinson's theorem, bound states and δ-potentials, along with Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates, in j-space. δ-potentials and bound states: The presence of δ-potentials and subsequent bound states for a particle, is a standard problem in Quantum Mechanics. The case of a single delta potential and the corresponding bound state for a particle of mass m, is shown below: The bound state Eb
is same as the ground state if the
potential is symmetric.
If there are more than one delta
functions, there can be more than one
bound states depending upon the
magnitude of αδ(x). Our
objective in next few blogs, is to
discuss the basic conjecture
behind the discrete measurement space
or j-space, that every
object in j-space is in a state of
measurement, thus performing a
measurement as well as being measured
itself.
Why do
elementary particles exist in
j-space, to begin with?
Let us review the expression for the bound state energy in the presence of a delta function: The important
quantities here are m, α,
and ħ. But first we need to
understand what do we mean when we
make the statement that "a particle
of mass m exists"?
In a measurement space, a measurement is completed when the corresponding circuit is completed i.e. the observer has arrived back at its point of origin. In the discrete measurement space the objective is to measure the Least-Energy Surface (LES) with the absolute precision, but clearly not all the observers can perform this measurement. We also note that the physical world exists in region-I of Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates, shown below: The position of
the measurement circuit in
Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates is around
the Event-Horizon Point (EHP), Rsch
= 2MG. In the following diagram
various measurement circuits
around EHP are shown. We note
that the conventional space and
time exist in the external Region-1
only, or in other words a macroscopic
observer ObsM, exists in the
external Region-I only.
The
measurement circuits are shown in
blue. The macroscopic observer's
capability
to make measurements is decreasing as
we move from the left to right in the external
Region-1,
and it is represented by the
hyperbolic paths in black.
Sharper the curvature at the vertex,
more difficult the
measurement, i.e. more and more
resources are needed to make a
measurement as we move from the right
to the left in the external Region-1.
In
j-space, the measurement circuit is
around LES
and the intersection of an hyperbola
and an arc of measurement circuit
(shown in red) in the external Region-1, represents the
measurement of an elementary
particle, made by ObsM1.
Thus
we have elementary particles
corresponding to each red-arc (or
equivalently the part of a
blue-measurement circuit in Region-I)
which
potentially can be measured by a
macroscopic observer ObsM,
given ObsM has
sufficient resources to measure it2.
In the following diagram, an observer
can measure m2
and m3, but
not m1.
To measure the particle m1, the observer making measurement needs to be provided additional resources in the external Region-1. This situation is shown by the dashed path in the following diagram. This is what particle-colliders
are trying to do in a rather
rudimentary way. However
it must be clearly understood that no
matter how much resources are
provided to an observer making
measurements in the external region-1,
LES can never be measured with an
absolute precision.
At best we will have an enormous catalog of particles, afflicted with la maladie exotique, but no new fundamental principle is likely to be discovered. For that we will have to analyze the results obtained by Astronomy and Cosmology. Nature of bound states in j-space
Let us consider an observer ObsM in
j-space, with
resources in the range (Ei,
Ef). Providing
a precise value of the energy to an
observer in j-space is not possible,
as it implies ΔE =
0. According to uncertainty
principle, ΔEΔt
> ħ, ΔE
= 0 means a state
with infinite life-time is measured by
ObsM. An
infinite life-time measured by ObsM, is finite (∞j) per the
measurements of Obsc or Obsi, and hence Δt
is always finite and subsequently ΔE
is always greater than 0.
The observer ObsM will be measuring the potentials ranging from a shallow-well to a deep-well as shown below: We note that as
the depth of the potential well
increases the observer ObsM
has less and less freedom in the free
space.
Next we consider an observer Obsc who has infinite, ∞j, resources in j-space. This observer Obsc will have values for energy ranging from 0j to ∞j, in j-space corresponding to the current information space (q = 3). We want Obsc to measure a shallow- potential well in a higher information space (q = 2).3 In other words we want Obsc, if possible, to perform a zero entropy measurement in q = 2 information space. For Obsc since it has ∞j resources, all the potential wells in q = 3 information space, are equivalent to shallow-wells and represent zero-entropy measurements. However in the case of q = 2 information space, the situation becomes rather interesting. A shallow-well in q = 2 space is equivalent to δ-potential in q = 3 space even for Obsc. And δ-potential is, what Obsc is measuring even though Obsc has infinite, ∞j, resources in q = 3 space, as shown below: In this case, all the states are inside the δ-potential and they form in essence a single bound state or a "coherent" state of the width ΔE ~ 0. Thus the nature of the bound state in q = 3 measurement space, while measuring a shallow well from q = 2 space, is that of a coherent state Ecoh. The measurement of δ-potential in Blip Our interest is in understanding how the measurements of the coherent state Ecoh, manifest themselves into physical parameters measured in Blip. Blip is represented by the measurements made by the macroscopic observer ObsM, in the external region-I in K-S coordinates. Since the energy of the coherent state Ecoh in q = 3 information space, has a minimum limit ∞j, the corresponding rest mass mo = E × (c2)-1, will be infinite or extremely heavy, even though the physical dimensions may be in Planck's domain, in the q = 3 space or equivalently in the external region-I of KS Coordinates. The coherent state will have a minimum spread ΔEcoh ~ 0j, per ObsM measurements. The uncertainty principle correlates ΔEcoh with the coherent state life-time tcoh in external region-I, as ΔEcoh × tcoh ~ ħ. Since ΔEcoh is very small, the coherent state life-time tcoh will be exceeding large (~∞j). Next, in external Region-I, an infinitesimal change in entropy of the coherent state dScoh and the change in the energy to bring about the infinitesimal change dScoh in the entropy dEcoh, are correlated to the temperature Tcoh of the coherent state as: It will take
infinite amount of resources (dEcoh
~ ∞), to bring about
infinitesimal change in the entropy
(dScoh
~ 0), of the coherent state under
discussion. Hence the
temperature of the coherent state as
measured by the macroscopic
observer ObsM,
will be exceedingly high.
Finally an infinite energy-source in Blip Therefore in the discrete measurement space, the shallow-well from a higher-information-space|q=2 is equivalent to a δ-potential in the current-information-space|q=3. The information corresponding to the shallow-well|q=2, will be measured as a coherent-state|q=3 by a macroscopic observer ObsM, in Blip (equivalently q=3 information state or the external region-I of KS coordinates). Lastly, the "measured-mass" and the temperature of the coherent state, as they are determined in Blip, are statistical quantities inversely related to the spread in the energy ΔEcoh, of the coherent state|q=3, similar to the life-time tcoh. ____________________
1. The physical world of Blip, exists at Λ-plane. 2. Action in j-space is defined as the resources provided to an observer traveling the path PQ, at the point P, such that the observer can arrive at the point Q unassisted. In external region-I of KS coordinates, action translates into the physical variables, energy E or the momentum k. 3. Different information spaces do not agree upon the definitions of Lorentz and Möbius invariances. *** To be continued.. |
Previous Blogs: Nutshell-2019 Stitching the Measurement Space - III Stitching the Measurement Space - II Stitching the Measurement Space - I Mass Length & Topology Chiral Symmetry
Sigma-z and I Spin Matrices Rationale behind Irrational Numbers The Ubiquitous z-Axis Majorana ZFC Axioms Set Theory Nutshell-2014 Knots in j-Space Supercolliders Force Riemann Hypothesis Andromeda Nebula Infinite Fulcrum Cauchy and Gaussian Distributions b-Field & Lower Mass Bound Incompleteness II The Supersymmetry The Cat in Box The Initial State and Symmetries Incompleteness I Discrete Measurement Space The Frog in Well Visual Complex Analysis The Einstein Theory of Relativity *** |
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